一 现在完成时的含义
现在完成时跨在两个时间之上,一个过去,一是现在。它的动作发生在过去,但对现在有影响(或结果),而这种影响(或结果)却往往是说话人的兴趣所在,所以常常后面不用时间状语。
二 现在完成时的构成
主语+Have/has +过去分词(v-ed形式)
三 现在完成时的主要用法
1)表示过去所做的事对现在的影响或结果,现在完成时所表示的动作里说话人的说话时间可远可近
第一,表示时间很近
The car has arrived.
someone has broken the window.
第二,表示时间比较远
He has traveled over many lands.
She has had a good education.
2)有时可以与现在完成时连用,表示完成一个以上,相互连接的动作。
They have gone to the moon and come back to earth again.
the river has been the scourge to china, but we have tamed it at last.
3)注意have been 与have gone的意思不同。
I have been to the library--(have been意为"去而复返")
He has gone to the library--(has gone意为"去而未归")
4)和现在一般时一样,现在完成时亦可用于死者
第一,死者刚过世不久,生者觉得他还在人间。
It's beautiful place,you papa has told me about it,he loved it very much.
第二,指名人。他们虽已死去,但其言行对现在仍有影响。
Shakespeare has written most of the best plays we know.
newton has explained the movements of the moon from the attractions of the earth.
5)现在完成时表示持续和重复。
第一,用无限动词表示持续。
i have been here here since last October.
she has taught us since i came to this school.
第二,也可以用有限的动词表示持续。
The two leaders have met for two hours.
since when have you become active?
第三,表去过去重复的动作,这种现在完成时常与always,offer,many times,every day等时间状语连用。
My father has always gone to work by bike.
six times he has tried and six times he has failed.
6)现在完成时表示将来。
第一,在时间状语从句里表示将来。
We are going after we've had breakfast.
I'll wait until he has written his letter.
第二,有时现在完成时可以从属将来一般时,用在宾语从句中表示将来。
The test question will be spoken just one time,you must listen very carefully in order to understand what the speaker has said.
第三,代替将来完成时,强调一种自然的或必然的结果。
There is but one more question:then i have done.
if i blow the whistle and they do not come back,then we have had it.
7)现在完成时和其他词语连用。
第一,与宾语从句连用,后接的宾语从句可用任何时态。
Have you found out how wide the ditch was?--指量够时的宽度)
have you found out how wide the ditch is?--(指现在沟仍有的宽度)
第二,与时间状语连用。
The rain has stopped now.
i have got up very early this morning.
第三,与since 连用。
i have seen him offer since i have lived here.
nothing has been quite the same over since.
第四,与介词短语连用
He has usually finished all his correspondence before bed time.
the state has not existed from all eternity.
第五,与 long ago连用。
Fennny has long ago left me.
I have ceased to believe they long ago.
Cease fire 停火
第六,与疑问副词连用。
How have you done it?
why has the child run away:
where have you been?
第七,与其他时态连用。
My friend gave it to me,and i have since kept it in the drawer.
prefessor Lin left yesterday for America where a lecture-tour has been arranged for him.