邀请可以分为书面邀请和口头邀请。口头邀请熟人或朋友参加周末聚会、生日聚会、专题晚会等时，说得比较简单，开]见山。
对别人的邀请需要明确予以回答，接受或者拒绝，当然首先要对邀请者的好意表示感谢。如果能赴约的话，问清楚地点和时间，如果拒绝这个邀请的话，最好先表示歉意，并说明不能去的原因，以免失礼。
Making an invitation:
●How about going with us for a lunch?
●Would you like to join us?
●I'd like to invite you to the party.
●Why don't come and join us for a dance?
●| wonder if you would like to come around andhave a meal sometime?
A: Joe, how are you doing today?
B: Pretty good. Mary, | was wondering if you would like to come to a party on Friday night?
A: | am free that night, and a party sounds good.
B: Fine. It will be at my house.
A: | would really like to bring my friend Jake, if that would be OK.
B: Oh yeah, | remember Jake. That would be fine.
A: Would you like some help with the food?
B: Just bring along whatever it is that you and Jake would like to drink.
A: Thanks for the invitation. See you then.
 

  A star-studded glamorous occassion 

1.penniless 身无分文的- Penny 便士- pennies 

2.less-后缀，表示否定含义

Help--helpless 

color--colorless

end--endless

cae--careless 

power--powerless 

3.ride home 顺风车

4.leave for 出发去 , for 后+（目的地）地点

  leave （离开地点） for  （到达目的地）

5.grow up 长大；成长 （身体/思想）

  Gruw up+地点 

  Grown-up 成年人=adult 

6. The +形容词：表示一类人或一类（事）物

   monopoly：mono =uni 一

   Bicycle: bi 二

   Tricycle: tri 三

   Distinguish a from b :把 a 和 b 区分开来 

7. poverty 名词 贫困频发-- richness 富裕丰富

  Unemployment 失业=Enemployment 就业   

 Poverty line 贫困线

 War against poverty 向贫困宣战

 Poverty-stricken 非常贫穷的

8. Be on the stage 登台献艺，上台表演

9. that 引导的是同位语从句，对与之同位的名词作进一步的解释，同位语从句一般只由"that"引导，常用在idea,fact,concept,doubt,news,belief,hope,evidence, explanation, opinion, plan,proposal,sign,suggestion, truth, theory, thought 等抽象名词后

10. Her son dreamed that he could succeed where she had failed. 

  本句中，that 引导了一个宾语从句，表达Dream的内容，"where she had failed'是定语从句，修饰前面"梦想能够成功这一内容"，关系副词"where"在定语中作状语。

They generally go to places where the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful. 

11. By +年份  到...年

    come true  实现；成真

 12. Admire vt 钦佩；羡慕；赞美

      Admiration n 钦佩；赞赏

      Admirable  adj 令人钦佩的

     Under stress 承受压力

13. Reach the top of...到达...的顶峰

     Huge adj. 巨大的；庞大的；极大的；

 14. Make a huge success 取得巨大的成功

      Make 常常和表示动作的名词连用，表示动作

     Make an explanation 进行解释

     Make an change 变化

15. Develop the character 创造角色

    Character n, 个性；品质；字符；人物

 16. connect v 连接；接通；联系

   Be connected with 和--联系起来

17. Go with  相配，很合适；和谁一起

18. pass 通过；度过；传递

  1）可表示"穿过""度过""从..旁边经过"

  2）pass an examination 表示再一次考试里及格   

  3）pass over 忽略，省略

  4）pass on ..to ..把..传递或转告给...

  5）pass for  被认为是... 常用语主动语态

19. allow vt 允许；留出，同意

     Allow for 考虑到 

    辨析：allow 和 permit 

1）两者可通用，均指"允许"且后面都可+宾语+不定式

2）当不存在宾语时，两词后+动名词

3）allow和permit还常用语被动语态

4）allow可与副词搭配使用，而permit不行。

    She wouldn't allow me in.

 5）allow有"容许，并不禁止"的意思，而permit指"准许"，比allow更正式。

20. Make fun of 取笑..开玩笑 make fun of sb 

21. Punish v 惩罚 punishment n 

22. Distance n 距离，路程，远方

   In the distance 在远方，在远处

   distance adj 远程（教育的）

23. Nature n, 性质，天性

    To a great extent, 在很大程度上

    Natural adj, 自然的，天然的

24. Dream of..梦见，渴望

     Fulfill duty 履行职责   realize 实现

25. reach for 伸手去拿；努力争取

26. Get in the way 阻碍；妨碍 

     A lion in the way 拦路虎；困难

     Chickenhurt 胆小鬼

     Talk horse 吹牛

      Drink like a fish 牛饮，很能喝

27. Instead adv.  代替，反而

28. Write about 写；记述

      Write sb about sht

29. Cruel adj, 残酷的；残忍的；

      Cruel blow =heavy blow 

    Be cruel to sb sth 

    Cruelty n ,残酷，残忍

30. Mirror n 镜子；反映

31. Fear n. 担心；害怕；恐惧  v, 害怕，恐惧 

32. Suffering  n. 痛苦，受难

    Suffer from .. 受痛苦，受困难，患病

33. Separate v. 分开，隔开，区分

    Be Separated..from .. 分离

34. Courage n. 勇气，胆量

     Courageous adj, 有勇气的；有胆量的     

35. Strength n, 力气，力量

36. Struggle n, 斗争；奋斗

     Struggle for 为..努力

37. Point of view 观点，看法，见解

38. Settle down 安下心来；定居

39. It was not until that..直到...才..

40. award n,奖品，奖励/ v. 授予

  Sb was awarded sth 某人被授予

辨析：award 和 reward 

Award:侧重指官方或经正式研究裁决后对有功者或竞赛优胜者所给予的奖励

Reward:指对品德高尚和勤奋的人所给予的奖励，也可指为某事付酬金。

 He got a reward for helping them.

Exercises:

1.several people were hurt in the sruggle.

2.to some life means pleasure, to others suffering.

3.the award for this year's best actres went to merry Streep.

4.we should not be cruel to animals.

5.his house looks terrible with those ugly pieces of furniture.

6. Jobless and penniless.Tom had to sleep rough in the fields for several months.

7.gradually the surrounding farmland turned residential.

8.the road was blocked by a huge rock.

9.people in this area were ground down by hunger and poverty.

10.you may not like him, but you have got to admire his persistence.

11.the police have offered a large reward for information leading to the robber's arrest.

12.how long have you been suffering from a headache.

13.do not get in the wat while i am trying to sweep the floor!

14.one day i will want to settle down and have a family.

15.we admire her dedication to the cause of social justice.

16.his interest in this subject gradually decreases.

17. The patient reached for the glass but could not get it.

18. He praised her role in the struggle against inequality.

19.she has been awarded a scholarship to study at Harvard.

20, this speaker could not put across his point of view to the audience.

21.the boy was treated for a minor head wound.

22. Punishment can never be an effective cure for many social problems.

23. Huge changes have taken place in this country from 1980 to 1990.

24.tom's dream of being a doctor has come true after graduation from college.

25.more and more people begin to suffer from depression due to fast pace of life.

26.we should never let fear get in the way of pursing our success.

任务5：（视频）第1章第4讲

衔接和连贯

一、段落的基本特征

统一性、完整性、连贯性

Ecotourism is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strive to be low impact and often small scale as an alternative to mass tourism. Its purpose is to educate the traveler; provide funds for ecological conservation; directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities; and foster respect for different cultures and for human rights. Several university programs use this description as the working definition of ecotourism.

You're sitting in the hot sunshine beside the swimming pool of your international luxury hotel, drinking your imported wine.你
坐在一-家国际奢华酒店的游泳池边，阳光洒遍周围，喝着进口的红酒。
luxury n.
奢侈品，奢侈，豪华
e.g. (1) The increasing sale of luxury goods is an index of the country's prosperity.
奢侈商品销售量日增是该国繁荣的标志。
In front of you is the beach, reserved for hotel guests with motor boats for hire.在你前方是- -片海滩，专为酒店的旅客享用，旁边还有出租的摩托艇。
reserve v. 保留，预订，延期
e.g. (1) He still reserved his opinion on some points.
在一些问题上，他仍然保留自己的意见。
(2) I'd like to reserve a table for Sunday night at eight.
我想预订一个星期日晚上八点的位子。
reserve n.候补，预备品，贮存
e.g. (1) | have kept a reserve fund in case of accidents.
我已筹备了一笔准备基金以防不测。
(2) A few drinks broke through his reserve.
他喝了点酒之後那矜持态度消失了。

And we want to take these attitudes on holiday with us.并且，我们想要把这种理念带到我们的假期中。
attitude n.态度,看法，姿势
e.g. (1) It's not his work that bothers me; it's his attitude.
困扰我的不是他的工作，而是他的态度。
(2) We must maintain a firm attitude.
我们必须采取坚定的态度。
(3) They sat around in easy attitude.
他们以舒适的资势围坐在一起。
13. So you don't have to fly to exotic locations for your“eco” holiday.所以，你没有必要乘飞机去--个新奇的地方开始你的
生态之旅。
exotic adj. 外来的，异国的，奇异的
e.g. (1) The film retains much of the book's exotic flavour.
这部电影保存了原著的许多异国情调。
(2) She likes to wear exotic clothes.
她喜欢穿奇装异服。
 

分清什么是作者的个人观点、什么是事实对正确理解文章很重要。误判往往发生在当我们对事物的看法和作者相同时，在这种情况下我们往往就会认为作者的观点就是千真万确的事实。我们对付此类错误的办法就是要看能否提出相反的看法。通过上单元的学习我们已经可以区别基本表示事实或观点的句子，下面我们来看一下具体在文章中比较常见的表现方法。
一-、表示观点
表明作者观点的句子一-般为判断句，特别是一-些包含有“I think"“| believe"“in my opinion"等的句子。
e.g.(1)1 believe that the most important forces behind the massive M & A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process...
(2) To me, the overall scene of this part of the park is the most beautiful.
 

College students find it increasingly difficult to get a job. There are two reasons to account for this phenomenon. One main reason is that nowadays college students aim too high. They pursue some
“satisfying" jobs and are too particular about such factors as working conditions, salary, and so on.
(1) Therefore, they are reluctant to accept the vacant jobs offered to them. Another reason is that the majors some students pursue do not match with the demands of the job market. As a result, they can only sit and miss opportunities.
Electricity is essential to our daily life for several reasons. We all know that modern industrial and agricultural production must rely on it. Besides,
modern traffic, communication and entertainment as well as our daily life have much to do with electricity. It can be said that ours is an electric age.
 

一、现在完成时的含义
现在完成时跨在两个时间之上，- 一个过去，一是现在。它的动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响(或结果)，而这种影响(或结果)却往往是说话人的兴趣所在，所以常常后面不用时间状语。
二、现在完成时的构成
主语+ have/has +过去分词(v-ed形式)
三、现在完成时的主要用法
(1)表示过去所做的事对现在的影响或结果，现在完成时所表示的动作里说话人的说话时间可远可近。第一，表示时间很近。
e.g. The car has arrived.
车子来了。(结果: 车子在门口)
Someone has broken the window.
有人把窗户打破了。(结果: 窗户仍破着)
第二，表示时间比较远。
e.g. He has traveled over many lands.
他到过许多国家。( 结果:他见识很广)
(2)有时可以与现在完成时连用，表示完成一一个以上、相互连接的动作。
e.g. They have gone to the moon and come back to earth again. ,
他们踏上了月球，后又返回了地球。
The river has been the scourge to China. But we have tamed it at last.
这条河是中国的灾难。但我们终于把它驯服了。
(3)注意have been与have gone的意思不同。
e.g. | have been to the library.
我刚从图书馆回来。(have been意为“去而复返”)
(4)和现在一般时一-样，现在完成时亦可用于死者。
第一，死者刚过世不久，生者觉得他还在人间。
e.g. It's a beautiful place. Your papa has told me about it. He loved it very much.
那可是个好地方。你爸爸生前和我说过，他非常喜欢那个地方
 

be aware of

(3)后接复合宾语的用法三
without+宾语+动名词
e.g. Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.
无人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。
(4)后接复合宾语的用法四
without +宾语+不定式
e.g. Without anyone to help, how can we go on?
没有人帮忙，我们怎么能进行下去?
 

| don't like
我不喜.....
| hate
我讨......
I'm afraid I don't like ... 恐怕我不喜.....
| really don't care for ...我很不喜......
I can't stand/bear ... 我忍受不了....
I don't like (doing)/ Ihate to (do) ... 我不愿(做)
I've never liked
我从来不喜欢.....
 

Present tense

be: subject + be (am is are) + sth. or sb.

行为动词 

subject ＋ be 原形

be 动词的变化

否定句 subject ＋ be + not + sth. or sb.

一般疑问句 be + subject + sth. or sb.

特殊疑问句 译文次 ＋ 一般疑问句

二，一般现在时的变化

2. 行为动词的变化

（1）否定句： 主语 ＋ don't ( doesn"t) + 动词原形（其他）

（2）一般疑问句：Do (Does) + 主语＋ 动词原形＋ 其他

当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does 构成一般疑问句

（3）特殊疑问句：疑问词 ＋一般疑问句

三、一般现在时的用法

（1）一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常玉表示频度的时间状语 every day,  usually, always, often, sometimes, on sunday 

（4）一般现在时表示目前的情况或状态。

（5）以 here, there 等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。

（6）在下列情况下表示将来：

A 在状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

B 在 the more .. the more (越。。。越。。。）句型中，前者通常用一般将来时，因为前者相当于条件状语从句。

一般现在时：

三种情况

1. be动词：主语+be(am,is,are)+Others

   主语I谓语am；He, she+is，复数（you,they）+are

2.行为动词：主语+动词原形+others

  e.g. We study Englis.(主谓宾）

   当主语为单数第三人称时(he, she, it)时要在动词后面加-s或-es

  e.g. Mary likes Chinese.

一般现在时的变化

1. be动词的变化

   (1).否定句： 主语+be+not+others

   e.g. He is not a worker.

   (2).一般疑问句：Be+主语+others

   e.g. Are you a student?

          Yes, i am./No,i'm not.

   (3).特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句

        疑问词：where，when, who, how

   e.g. Where is my bike?

2.行为动词的变化

  (1).否定句：主语+don't(doesn't)+动词原形+others

  e.g. I don't like bread.

  当主语为单数第三人称，要用doen't

  e.g. He doesn't often play.

  (2).一般疑问句：Do(Does)+主语+动词原形+Others.

  e.g. Do you often play basketball?

          Yes, I do./No, I don't.

(3). 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句

      e.g. How does your father go to work?

三，一般现在时用法：

   (1).表示经常性或习惯性动作，常与表示频度的时间状语：every day, usually, always, often, sometimes, on sunday等连用

  e.g. I go to school a 6 every morning.

   (2).表示客观存在或普遍整理

   e.g. Summer follows spring.

  (3).表示格言或警句

  e.g. Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败

  pride: 骄傲

  goes before：在...之前

  fall. 摔跤、摔倒

  (4).表示目前的情况或者状态

  e.g. I am a teacher.

        Peter writes good Chinese but does not speak well.

   (5).放在以here,there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。

   e.g. Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming. 公交汽车来了。

          There goes the bell.=The bell is ringing. 铃响了

  (6).在下列状况下表示将来

        A. 在状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

        e.g. I will give it to him as soon as i see him. 我一看见他就交给他。

       B. the more...the more...(越...越...)

        e.g. The harder you study, the better results you will get.

       If you study hard, you will get a good result.

      C. 在make sure(certain), see to it, mind, care, matter后面的宾语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

    e.g. See to it that you are not late again.

     D.表示按照计划或时间将要发生的动作，通常有表示将来的时间状语。

   e.g. The plane takes off at 11:30 and arrives in Shanghai at 13:20.

   这种用法只限于少数动词， 如begin, start, end, finish, stop, go, come ,leave, arrive, return, close, open等瞬间动词（动作刚一开始很快就要结束）

练习：

1. play

We often play in the playground.

2. gets

3.Do, brush

4. watches

5. Does read

6. do have(your classmate不是单数第三人称，因此需要使用do)

II.

1 Daniel doesn't watch TV erery evening.

2. Do you do your homework everyday? No, I don't.

3. Does she like milk? Yes, she does.

4. What do you like?

5. Where does John come from?

III.

1. want to do sth.

2. it's time to do sth.

3.回到的是do, 因此提问肯定是用Do，因此ABC剔除

4. go and help已经是实义动词，因此前面不需要再加me或者us，Let's=Let us

5. 提问用的是Do，回答的是肯定的，因此选do

6. has （he是单数第三人称）

7. any这个词一般放在否定句或者疑问句中，some一般放在陈述句中

1. Have you ever thought of traveling around the world?
If yes, how would you travel, by plane or by bike?
2. What do you think is the benefit of traveling by bicycle?
3. How long did it take Vicky and Pinky to travel around the world on their bicycles?
2. Do you have the courage to pursue your dreams?你有勇气去追求你的梦想吗?
have the courage to有勇气去做某事
e.g. He has the courage to correct his mistakes.
[词义辨析] cost, spend, take
这些动词均含“花费”之意。
cost: 指花费时间、金钱、劳力等。其主语是物，而不能由人充当，也不用被动形式。
spend:普通用词，与cost基本同义，但主语必须是人。
take:普通用词，指需要占用空间、时间或精力等，其主语可以是人，也可以是一件事情。
 

辨析事实与观点(1)
大多数文章都包括对事实和观点的描述，这样在阅读中，我们能明白什么时候是在阅读事实，什么时候是在阅读作者的看法与观点就很重要。准确识别辨析事实与观点有助于我们对文章理解得更深刻、更准确。
观点
观点就是对事物的想法、信念、判断或者感情的描述。我们可以从中看出一个，人对于某事物的想法或看法。当然，观点都是以事实为根据的，但是观点或看法仍然说明的是某个人对某件事的观点，而不是事实本身，是无法被客观证实的。
e.g. But when | met Mark I found him a charming and intelligent young guy. Any mother would be proud to have him for a son-in-law.
分析:这句话讲述了我对马克的看法:我觉得他是一一个聪明潇洒的小伙子。
 

I. Read the following paragraph. Then point out the topic
sentence，and point out the words the writer uses to illustrate his point. There are two kinds of sports:“amateur" and
“professional". Amateur athletes do not receive money for competing in sports. Olympic athletes, for example,
are amateurs. They do not receive money. Professional athletes, on the other hand, do earn money. Some professional athletes earn a mjllion dollars or more a year. They need this money to support themselves and
they can save some fortheir future.
 

1. will+动词原形
由will(第二、三人称)+动词原形构成，shall用 于第人称，常被will所代替。
在口语里will- -般缩略为'll, 否定形式will not缩略为won't，shall not缩略为shan't。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。在疑问句中主语是第一人称时常用助动词shall。(注:美式英语则不管什么人称，一-律用will。)
 

vegetate v.生长，无所事事，使像植物般生长
e.g. The vegetables in the garden vegetate vigorously.
园子里的植物在茁壮成长。
give oneselfup放弃自己，屈服
e.g.(1) | want to give myself up to writing full time.
我希望全时间投入写作。
(2) He decided to give himself up to the police.
他决定向警方自首。
The soul of a journey is liberty, perfect liberty, to think, feel
do, just as one pleases.须知旅行之妙处在自由，完全的自
由，可以尽情地去畅想、去感受、去做你想做的一-切。
liberty n.自由，自由权
e.g.(1) You are at liberty to leave whenever you wish.
只要你愿意，可以随时离开。
(2) Liberties are enjoyed by all citizens.
公民皆享有自由权。
 

advantage  of 得到好处

essayist  小说家

i an never less alone than  when alone

vacant  空

reserve  预定

accept  接受

reject   拒绝

registration  form  登记表格

cheque  支票

what's your rate  

unit 4