teenage:13-19岁的年轻人

come across（偶然）遇见，碰见

astream of一连串的

work out像准备的那样去发展

let sb.down 让某人失望

either**or**：不管**还是**/既不，也不。

be opposed something:反对**

to sb.liking:受到**的喜欢，迎合**

be obsess with  沉迷于

come across  偶遇; 偶然发现; 使产生…印象。

. He's the best opponent I've come across this season, a great player.  

他是我本赛季遇到的最出色的对手，一位了不起的运动员。

2. Did he come across as a sane rational person?  

他看起来是一个正常而理智的人吗？

3. I've never come across hieroglyphics like the handwriting of Peter Smallwood.  

我从未见过像彼得·斯莫尔伍德那么难辨认的笔迹。

4. Anna approached several builders and was fortunate to come across Eddie.  

安娜与几个建筑商有过接洽，并且很幸运地碰到了埃迪。

5. This is the worst place I've come across.  

这是我见过的最差的地方.

6. I never remember having come across a man like that.  

我怎么也记不起碰到过这样一个人.

endless 永无止境：没完没了

一、work out意思如下：

解决， 作出；锻炼； 了解某人的本质
算出；解决；制定出；计算出
二、用法及例句：
1. While the lads are golfing, I work out in the gym.
小伙子们打高尔夫球的时候，我在健身房锻炼。
2. Negotiators are due to meet later today to work out a compromise.
谈判人员定于今天晚些时候进行会谈，商定一个折中方案。
3. They are cutting costs by subcontracting work out to other local firms.
他们通过将任务转包给当地其他公司来减少成本。
4. It took me some time to work out what was causing this.
我花了一些时间才弄清此事的起因。

upset 心烦意乱的，苦恼的。

take up  占用;开始从事;接受（提议）

1、He did not particularly want to take up a competitive sport 

他并不特别想从事竞技体育运动。

2、He will take up his post as the head of the civil courts at the end of nextmonth. 

他将在下个月底就任民事法庭庭长一职。

3、The aim was not to take up valuable time with the usual boring pictures.

目的在于不要用常见的无聊图片占用宝贵时间。

grateful 感激的，感谢的

1 be grateful to 

2 be grateful that

out of touch with sth. 不接触；不了解

in touch with 与----联系

show sb/sth  off 需要，卖弄（某事或某人）

let sb down 让某人失望

either --- or --- either...or...意为"或者……或者……；不是……就是……"之意.表示两者之一,连接句子中两个并列的成分，连接两个动词,因为主语是单数第三人称,谓语动词要用其相应的形式。若要对either...or...句型进行否定时,只需把either...or...换成neither...nor...即可。

1. We fight, or we don't, it's an either - or decision.  

我们要么打, 要么不打, 非此即彼,没有别的出路.

2. The alternative option is a structured bankruptcy of either or both firms.  

替代选择是结构性破产一方或双方公司.

3. IS THE RESISTANCE ABOVE 0 OHMS ON EITHER OR BOTH CIRCUITS?  

是否任一个或二电路的电阻在5.0HMS以上?

4. Many other experts insist this is not an either - or situation.  

许多其他的专家坚持这不是一个二选一的情况.

5. This can be over ridden by inserting a different boolean operator either " OR " or " ANDNOT " 

这能完了由也插入一个不同布尔操作员骑“或 ” 或 “ ANDNOT ”

be opposedt o something 反对。

as opposed to : in contrast to  相对，相反

to one's liking  受某人的喜欢

decoration   n.装饰(品);勋章;装饰物

Noun Clause名词性从句(二)
从属连词that, if, whether引导的名词从句有哪些功能?
从属连词that,if,whether引导的名词从句在复合句中可以作为主语、宾语、主语补语、介词宾语和同位语使用。
e.g. Whether we need it is a different matter.
(主语)是否需要这个是另外一回事。
I think that she 'd appreciate it if we all helped out a bit more.
(宾语)如果我们都多帮助她一点，我想她会很高兴的。
My main problem right now is whether I should ask for another loan.
(主语补语)我现在的主要问题是我是否再贷一笔款。

Don't put off still tomorrow that you can do today.今天能做的事不要拖到明天。that引导名词性从句。

speak up

figure out a way

have oneself session

leave sb+adj.

2 As tears welled up in her big brown eyes, she began explaining her dilemma.
dilemma [di'leme] n. a position or situation giving two choices, neither pleasant
e.g. His dilemma was whether to leave the party early so as to get a lift in his
friend's car, or to stay and walk eight kilometres home困境，进退两难对

even though用法
even though(=even if)从属连词，意为:“ 即使，即令........”引导让步状语从句。even if的从句中含有强烈的假定性，even though则多以从句之内容为前提。

e.g. Even ifI have to sell my house, I'll keep my business.
即使我卖掉房子，我还是要继续我的事业。
Even if he had the money, he wouldn't buy it.他即使有钱也不会买它。
He's the best teacher even though he has the least experience.他尽管经验
最少，但教得最好。
Even though I didn't know anybody at the party, 1 had a nice time.尽管这次
聚会_上我谁也不认识，我也玩得挺痛快。
Even if/Even though I have to walk all the way, I'll go there.即使我得一-路走
着去，我也要走到那里。
She won't leave the TV set even though/even if supper 's on the table.即使
晚饭已摆在桌上，她也不愿意离开电视机。

从属连词that, if, whether引导的名词从句有哪些功能?
从属连词that,if,whether引导的名词从句在复合句中可以作为主语、宾语、主语补语、介词宾语和同位语使用。

Long distance远距离

Distance learning远程学习

Middle distance中距离

Nod点头

shake摇头

Roared into  roared指吼声，文中指列车呼啸进入车站。

记叙文写作注意事项：

多用感官感受来记叙，少用直接文字来告知；

注意文章整体的转承契合（包含时间序列上的何空间序列上的）；

尽量做到记叙准确、

2 As tears welled up in her big brown eyes, she began explaining her dilemma.
dilemma [di'leme] n. a position or situation giving two choices, neither pleasant
e.g. His dilemma was whether to leave the party early so as to get a lift in his

Noun Clause名词性从句(二)
从属连词that, if, whether引导的名词从句有哪些功能?
从属连词that,if,whether引导的名词从句在复合句中可以作为主语、宾语、主语补语、介词宾语和同位语使用。

议论文的论证方法

归纳法

即桶一些个别事例，归纳其共同的特性，得出带有普遍性的结论。

演绎法

即引用一些经典著作的原话，或众所周知的科学原理和道理退出新论点。

一般的演绎法通常包括：前提1，前提2，结论。

议论文的语言特点

1、较多使用表达委婉语气的词语和句子。

2、使用有辩论、推理等含义的连接词和过渡词等词语。常用的连接词，过渡词有“becsause, since, now that, therefore, consequently, according, hence, so”等。

3、进行论证时，避免使用带有感情色彩的词汇。

giving compliments and replying to compliments 

giving compliments:

-i do envy you,you are so lovely.

oh, i'm flattered.

-you hve good taste.

thank you very much for saying so.

-i've always admired your work very much.

it's nothings special actually.

-i think you deserve the highest praise.

it's very nece of you to say so.

-i must say the cookies are really very good.

you are flattering me.

what/that's a(n)+adj

i like/love your...

直接引语和间接引语

1.定义

直接引语：直接引述别人的话

间接引语：用直接的话转述别人的话。

2.将陈述句的直接引语转换为间接引语

直接引语如果是一个陈述句，变为间接引语时，用“that"引导（that在口语中常省略），同时that从句中的人称，时态，指示代词，时间状语，地点状语等都要做相应的变化。

1）时态的变化

  直接引语的时态           间接引语的时态

一般现在时 is                 一般过去时  was

现在进行时 is doing        过去进行时 was doing

现在完成时 have done     过去完成时 had done

一般将来时 will do           过去将来时 would do

现在完成进行时 have been doing  过去完成进行时 had been doing

一般过去时  was                过去完成时 had done

当直接引语表达的是客观真理时，变为间接引语时时态不变。

2）代词的变化

直接引语  

 i --he/she

we--they

you-- i

me--him/her

us--them

this--that

these--those

3)状语的变化

now --then

ago--before

today--that day

this morning/week--that morning/week

yesterday--the day before

yesterday morning--the morning before

tomorrow--the next day,the following day

last week/month--the week/month before

next week/month--the following/next week

here--there

4) 疑问句的直接引语转换为间接引语

(1)直接引语如果是一般疑问句，将直接引语变为由”if “或”where“引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后；若直接引语引述动词为”say"时要改为“ask"等。

he said,"are you from beijing?"

--he asked me if i was from beijing.

(2)直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，将直接引语变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后。

"why are you late?" he asked me.

he asked me why i was late.

注意：改为宾语从句的间接引语要用陈述词序

5）直接引语是祈使句转换为间接引语

（1）如果祈使句是肯定句，在变为间接引语时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带"to"的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据句子意思加上"tell,ask,order"等词，构成”tell/ask/order/somebody to do something"'"ask,tell,order"的选择视句子的语气而定。

he said,"lie down,tom".

-he told tom to lie down.

(2)如果祈使句是否定句，那么要在不定式前面加上"not"构成”tell/ask/order somebody not to do something"

"do not swim out too far,boy,"i said.

--i told the boys not to swim out too far.

1.hail sb/sth as sth 把某人称赞为某人/事

view/think/regard/look upon sb/sth as sb/sth

2.inspiring adj 鼓舞人心的

3.turn out 出现

4.hostile adj 不友好的，敌意的

be hostile to sth/sb

5.loyalty n 忠诚

  loyalty to sb/be loyal to 

6. public figure 公众人物

7.excel 在某方面非常优秀

  excel in sth 

8.notion 理念，信念

A.notion+that同位语从句

B.have a notion of 

9.unique to sb/sth 独特的

10.trait n 特征

11.vision n 远见 

12.keep/bear sth in mind 记住

13.as 作连词，表示让步状语从句，要用倒装句型

14. be filled with...

15.be regard as...

16.it's ..that/who...强调句型（that 后接事物/who后接人）

词汇学习中

词汇之间的关系：同义词、反义词、上义词

注意同音异义词和同形异义词

Asking for premission

May I ...?

Do you mind if I ...?

I wonder whether I could ...?

Would it be ok if I...?

Asking for help 

Could you..?

Would you help me to ...?

I was just wondering if you could...?

Could you tell me...?

1.bulid n  身形，身材

 slim bulid 身材苗条

2.make up for sth (with sth)弥补 

3.outdistance 远远地超过

4.opponent n  竞争对手；反对者

5.let alone 更不用说了

6.amonuted to 等于，相当于       

7.concerned adj 担心

A. be concerned adbout/for sb/sth 

B.be concerned that

C.be concerned to to sth 

8.check on sb 检查某人

compensate for =make up for 

competitor=opponent 

be regarded as= amounts to 

worried=concerned 

find out and confirm=check on 

extremely important=critical 

typical=characteristic 

change=transformation

keep silent for a moment=hesitated 

completely=in very respect 

描写文

   描写文，一般是指用生动而形象化的语言把人物，事件及环境具体刻划描绘出来。

  1.多用感官（听觉，视觉，味觉，嗅觉和触觉）感受来表现。

  2.形容词，副词出现频繁。

  3.描写文的分类：客观描写和主观描写

 A.客观描写：如实地描绘描写对象。在进行客观描写时，多使用名词及动词，避免使用带有主观判断的形容词。

B.主观描写：通过描写，将意境或情绪传神的表现出来。选词时，多选用感情色彩比较重的形容词

 如描述一位美女时，如果她的脸上有颗痣，该用“mole"还是”beauty spot"?如果是客观描写，应该采用“mole",如果是主观描写，多半用”beauty spot".

动词不定式

1.动词不定式

  是动词的一种非谓语形式，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独作句子的谓语。其构成形式为“to +动词原形”，“to"为动词不定式符号，本身无意义。动词不定式具有两大特点：

（1）具有动词的特点，因此后面可以跟表语，宾语或状语，构成动词不定式短语；

（2）具有名词，形容词或副词的特点，可以在句子种用作主语，宾语，宾语补足语，状语，定语，表语及同位语等。

2.动词不定式的时态和语态

不定式        主动态                被动态

一般时        to  do               to be done

完成时      to have done    to have been done

3.动词不定式的功能

1）作主语

 动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置可置于句首，也可以用”it“作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后。

2）作表语

动词不定式作表语，常说明主语的内容，性质特征

The best way to improve your english is to join an English club.

3）作宾语

He prefers to eat white bread and rice.

He feels it his duty to help the poor.

4）作定语

I can not think of any good advice to give her.

Is that a good place to hang out?